Internationalization (i18n)

TanStack Router provides flexible and highly customizable primitives that can be composed to support common internationalization (i18n) routing patterns, such as optional path parameters, route rewriting, and type-safe params. This enables clean, SEO-friendly URLs, flexible locale handling, and seamless integration with i18n libraries.

This guide covers:

Prefix-based and optional-locale routing
Advanced routing patterns for i18n
Language navigation and switching
SEO considerations
Type safety
Integration patterns with i18n libraries (Paraglide)

i18n with Optional Path Parameters

This pattern relies exclusively on TanStack Router features. It is suitable when:

You want full control over translations
You already manage translations manually
You do not need automatic locale detection
Optional path parameters are ideal for implementing locale-aware routing without duplicating routes.

plaintext

/{-$locale}/about

This single route matches:

/about (default locale)
/en/about
/fr/about
/es/about

Prefix-based i18n

tsx

// Route: /{-$locale}/about
export const Route = createFileRoute('/{-$locale}/about')({
  component: AboutComponent,
})

function AboutComponent() {
  const { locale } = Route.useParams()
  const currentLocale = locale || 'en'

  const content = {
    en: { title: 'About Us' },
    fr: { title: 'À Propos' },
    es: { title: 'Acerca de' },
  }

  return <h1>{content[currentLocale].title}</h1>
}

Complex Routing Patterns

tsx

// Route: /{-$locale}/blog/{-$category}/$slug
export const Route = createFileRoute('/{-$locale}/blog/{-$category}/$slug')({
  beforeLoad: ({ params }) => {
    const locale = params.locale || 'en'
    const validLocales = ['en', 'fr', 'es', 'de']

    if (params.locale && !validLocales.includes(params.locale)) {
      throw new Error('Invalid locale')
    }

    return { locale }
  },
})

Language Switching

tsx

<Link
  to="/{-$locale}/blog/{-$category}/$slug"
  params={(prev) => ({
    ...prev,
    locale: prev.locale === 'en' ? undefined : 'fr',
  })}
>
  Français
</Link>

Type-safe Locales

type Locale = 'en' | 'fr' | 'es' | 'de'

function isLocale(value?: string): value is Locale {
  return ['en', 'fr', 'es', 'de'].includes(value as Locale)
}

i18n Library Integration Patterns

TanStack Router is library-agnostic. You can integrate any i18n solution by mapping locale state to routing behavior.

Below is a recommended pattern using Paraglide.

Client-side i18n with a Library (TanStack Router)

This pattern combines TanStack Router with a client-side i18n library. It is suitable when:

You want type-safe translations
You want localized URLs
You do not need server-side rendering

TanStack Router + Paraglide (Client-only)

Paraglide provides type-safe translations, locale detection, and URL localization that pair naturally with TanStack Router.

GitHub example: https://github.com/TanStack/router/tree/main/examples/react/i18n-paraglide

Project Setup

shell

npx @inlang/paraglide-js@latest init

import { paraglideVitePlugin } from '@inlang/paraglide-js'

paraglideVitePlugin({
  project: './project.inlang',
  outdir: './app/paraglide',
})

URL Localization via Router Rewrite

The router's rewrite option enables bidirectional URL transformation, perfect for locale prefixes. For comprehensive documentation on URL rewrites including advanced patterns, see the URL Rewrites guide.

import { deLocalizeUrl, localizeUrl } from './paraglide/runtime'

const router = createRouter({
  routeTree,
  rewrite: {
    input: ({ url }) => deLocalizeUrl(url),
    output: ({ url }) => localizeUrl(url),
  },
})

Server-side i18n (TanStack Start)

This pattern integrates i18n at the routing and server layers. It is suitable when:

You use TanStack Start
You need SSR or streaming
You want locale-aware redirects and metadata

TanStack Start + Paraglide

GitHub example: https://github.com/TanStack/router/tree/main/examples/react/start-i18n-paraglide

Server Middleware (SSR)

import { paraglideMiddleware } from './paraglide/server'

export default {
  fetch(req: Request) {
    return paraglideMiddleware(req, () => handler.fetch(req))
  },
}

HTML Language Attribute

tsx

import { getLocale } from '../paraglide/runtime'
;<html lang={getLocale()} />

Offline-safe Redirects

For offline or client-only environments:

import { shouldRedirect } from '../paraglide/runtime'

beforeLoad: async () => {
  const decision = await shouldRedirect({ url: window.location.href })
  if (decision.redirectUrl) {
    throw redirect({ href: decision.redirectUrl.href })
  }
}

Type-safe Translated Pathnames

To ensure every route has translations, you can derive translated pathnames directly from the TanStack Router route tree.

import { FileRoutesByTo } from '../routeTree.gen'
import { Locale } from '@/paraglide/runtime'

This guarantees:

No missing translations
Full type safety
Compiler feedback for routing mistakes

Prerendering Localized Routes

import { localizeHref } from './paraglide/runtime'

export const prerenderRoutes = ['/', '/about'].map((path) => ({
  path: localizeHref(path),
  prerender: { enabled: true },
}))